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Hands-On MQTT Programming with Python

Hands-On MQTT Programming with Python

By : Gaston C. Hillar
2.3 (3)
Buy this Book
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Hands-On MQTT Programming with Python

Hands-On MQTT Programming with Python

2.3 (3)
By: Gaston C. Hillar
Buy this Book

Overview of this book

<p>MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol for small sensors and mobile devices. This book explores the features of the latest versions of MQTT for IoT and M2M communications, how to use them with Python 3, and allow you to interact with sensors and actuators using Python.</p> <p>The book begins with the specific vocabulary of MQTT and its working modes, followed by installing a Mosquitto MQTT broker. You will use different utilities and diagrams to understand the most important concepts related to MQTT. You will learn to make all the necessary configuration to work with digital certificates for encrypting all data sent between the MQTT clients and the server. You will also work with the different Quality of Service levels and later analyze and compare their overheads.</p> <p>You will write Python 3.x code to control a vehicle with MQTT messages delivered through encrypted connections (TLS 1.2), and learn how leverage your knowledge of the MQTT protocol to build a solution based on requirements. Towards the end, you will write Python code to use the PubNub cloud-based real-time MQTT provider to monitor a surfing competition.</p> <p>In the end, you will have a solution that was built from scratch by analyzing the requirements and then write Python code that will run on water-proof IoT boards connected to multiple sensors in surfboards.</p>
Table of Contents (13 chapters)
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Title Page
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Title Page
Packt Upsell
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Packt Upsell
About the Author
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About the Author
Preface
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Preface
Free Chapter
1
Installing an MQTT 3.1.1 Mosquitto Server
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Installing an MQTT 3.1.1 Mosquitto Server
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Understanding convenient scenarios for the MQTT protocol
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Working with the publish-subscribe pattern
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Working with message filtering
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Understanding the MQTT puzzle – clients, servers, and connections
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Installing a Mosquitto server on Linux
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Installing a Mosquitto server on macOS
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Installing a Mosquitto server on Windows
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Considerations for running a Mosquitto server in the cloud
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Test your knowledge
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Summary
2
Using Command-Line and GUI Tools to Learn How MQTT Works
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Using Command-Line and GUI Tools to Learn How MQTT Works
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Subscribing to topics with a command-line tool
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Subscribing to topics with a GUI tool
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Publishing messages with a command-line tool
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Publishing messages with a GUI tool
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Unsubscribing from topics with a GUI tool
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Learning best practices for topics
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Understanding MQTT wildcards
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Learning about the different QoS levels
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Working with at least once delivery (QoS level 1)
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Working with exactly once delivery (QoS level 2)
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Understanding overhead in the different Quality of Service levels
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Test your knowledge
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Summary
3
Securing an MQTT 3.1.1 Mosquitto Server
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Securing an MQTT 3.1.1 Mosquitto Server
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Understanding the importance of securing a Mosquitto server
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Generating a private certificate authority to use TLS with Mosquitto
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Creating a certificate for the Mosquitto server
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Configuring TLS transport security in Mosquitto
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Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with command-line tools
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Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with GUI tools
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Creating a certificate for each MQTT client
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Configuring TLS client certificate authentication in Mosquitto
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Testing the MQTT TLS client authentication with command-line tools
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Testing the MQTT TLS configuration with GUI tools
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Forcing the TLS protocol version to a specific number
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Test your knowledge
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Summary
4
Writing Code to Control a Vehicle with Python and MQTT Messages
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Writing Code to Control a Vehicle with Python and MQTT Messages
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Understanding the requirements to control a vehicle with MQTT
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Defining the topics and commands
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Creating a virtual environment with Python 3.6.x and PEP 405
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Understanding the directory structure for a virtual environment
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Activating the virtual environment
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Deactivating the virtual environment
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Installing paho-mqtt for Python
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Connecting a client to the secured MQTT server with paho-mqtt
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Understanding callbacks
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Subscribing to topics with Python
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Configuring certificates for IoT boards that will work as clients
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Creating a class to represent a vehicle
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Receiving messages in Python
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Working with multiple calls to the loop method
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Test your knowledge
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Summary
5
Testing and Improving Our Vehicle Control Solution in Python
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Testing and Improving Our Vehicle Control Solution in Python
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Processing commands with Python
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Sending messages with Python
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Working with the network loop with Python
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Working with last will and testament with Python
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Working with retained last will messages
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Understanding blocking and non-blocking code
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Using the threaded client interface
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Test your knowledge
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Summary
6
Monitoring a Surfing Competition with Cloud-Based Real-Time MQTT Providers and Python
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Monitoring a Surfing Competition with Cloud-Based Real-Time MQTT Providers and Python
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Understanding the requirements
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Defining the topics and payloads
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Coding a surfboard sensor emulator
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Configuring the PubNub MQTT interface
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Publishing data retrieved from sensors to the cloud-based MQTT server
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Working with multiple MQTT servers
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Running multiple clients
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Building a web-based dashboard with freeboard
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Test your knowledge
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Summary
Solutions
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Solutions
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Chapter 1: Installing an MQTT 3.1.1 Mosquitto server
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Chapter 2: Using Command-Line and GUI Tools to Learn How MQTT Works
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Chapter 3: Securing an MQTT 3.1.1 Mosquitto Server
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Chapter 4: Writing Code to Control a Vehicle with Python and MQTT Messages
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Chapter 5: Testing and Improving our Vehicle Control Solution in Python
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Chapter 6:  Monitoring a Surfing Competition with Cloud-Based Real-Time MQTT Providers and Python
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Leave a review - let other readers know what you think
Index
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Index

Installing a Mosquitto server on Linux

Now, we will learn the necessary steps to install a Mosquitto server on the most popular operating systems: Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Note

It is extremely important to work with the latest available Mosquitto versions to make sure that many security vulnerabilities discovered in previous versions are addressed. For example, Mosquitto 1.4.15 addressed two important security vulnerabilities that affected versions 1.0 to 1.4.14 inclusive.

First, we will start with Linux; specifically, we will work with Ubuntu Linux. If you want to work with a different Linux distribution, you can find details about the installation procedure in the Mosquitto downloads section: http://mosquitto.org/download.

Follow these steps to install a Mosquitto server on Ubuntu Linux; take into account that you will require root privileges:

  1. Open a Terminal window or use a secure shell to access Ubuntu and run the following command to add the Mosquitto repository:
      sudo apt-add-repository ppa:mosquitto-dev/mosquitto-ppa

You will see an output similar to the next lines (the temporary filenames will be different):

      gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpi5yrsz7i/secring.gpg' created
      gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpi5yrsz7i/pubring.gpg' created
      gpg: requesting key 262C4500 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
      gpg: /tmp/tmpi5yrsz7i/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
      gpg: key 262C4500: public key "Launchpad mosquitto" imported
      gpg: Total number processed: 1
      gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
      OK
  1. Run the following command to update the packages with the recently added Mosquitto repository:
      sudo apt-get update

You will see an output similar to the next lines. Note that the next lines show the output of an Ubuntu server running as a Windows Azure virtual machine, and therefore the output will be similar:

      Hit:1 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
      Get:2 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates       
      InRelease [102 kB]
      Get:3 http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports 
      InRelease [102 kB]

      ...

      Get:32 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe        
      Translation-en [121 kB]
      Get:33 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-
      security/multiverse amd64 Packages [3,208 B]
      Fetched 12.8 MB in 2s (4,809 kB/s)
      Reading package lists... Done
  1. Now, run the following command to install the package for the Mosquitto server:
      sudo apt-get install mosquitto

You will see an output similar to the next lines.

  1. Enter Y and press Enter to answer the question and complete the installation process:
      Building dependency tree
      Reading state information... Done
      The following additional packages will be installed:
        libev4 libuv1 libwebsockets7
      The following NEW packages will be installed:
        libev4 libuv1 libwebsockets7 mosquitto
      0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 29 not upgraded.
      Need to get 280 kB of archives.
      After this operation, 724 kB of additional disk space will be 
      used.
      Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
  1. The last lines should include a line that says Setting up mosquitto followed by the version number, as shown in the following lines:
      Setting up libuv1:amd64 (1.8.0-1) ...
      Setting up libev4 (1:4.22-1) ...
      Setting up libwebsockets7:amd64 (1.7.1-1) ...
      Setting up mosquitto (1.4.15-0mosquitto1~xenial1) ...
      Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu10) ...
      Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21.1) ...
      Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
  1. Now, run the following command to install the Mosquitto client packages that will allow us to run commands to publish messages to topics and subscribe to topic filters:
      sudo apt-get install mosquitto-clients

You will see an output similar to the next lines.

  1. Enter Y and press Enter to answer the question and complete the installation process:
      Reading package lists... Done
      Building dependency tree
      Reading state information... Done
      The following additional packages will be installed:
        libc-ares2 libmosquitto1
      The following NEW packages will be installed:
        libc-ares2 libmosquitto1 mosquitto-clients
      0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 29 not upgraded.
      Need to get 144 kB of archives.
      After this operation, 336 kB of additional disk space will be   
      used.
      Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y

The last lines should include a line that says Setting up mosquitto-clients followed by the version number, as shown in the following lines:

      Setting up libmosquitto1:amd64 (1.4.15-0mosquitto1~xenial1) ...
      Setting up mosquitto-clients (1.4.15-0mosquitto1~xenial1) ...
      Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu10) ...
  1. Finally, run the following command to check the status for the mosquitto service that was recently installed:
      sudo service mosquitto status

The first lines of the output should be similar to the following lines with an active (running) status displayed. The details after CGroup indicate the command line that started the service. The -c option followed by /etc/mosquitto/mosquitto.conf specifies that Mosquitto is using this configuration file:

mosquitto.service - LSB: mosquitto MQTT v3.1 message broker
   Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/mosquitto; bad; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sun 2018-03-18 19:58:15 UTC; 3min 8s ago
     Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
   CGroup: /system.slice/mosquitto.service
           └─15126 /usr/sbin/mosquitto -c /etc/mosquitto/mosquitto.conf

You can also run the following command to check whether the Mosquitto MQTT server is listening at the default port, 1883:

netstat -an | grep 1883

The following lines show the results of the previous command that indicate the Mosquitto MQTT server has opened an IPv4 and an IPv6 listen socket on port 1883:

tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1883 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN

tcp6 0 0 :::1883 :::* LISTEN
End of Section 6
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